LITERALS IN ORACLE

• A literal is a constant which represent fixed value.

    Types :

      Ø  Text literal

      Ø  Number literal

      Ø  Integer literal

      Ø  Interval literal

• Literal is printed for each row that is retrieved by select statement.
• Date and character literals must be enclosed in single quote (‘).
• Literals increase the readability of the output.

  Examples :=

      Select ename ‘ is designated as ‘ from emp;

      Select ‘ I am a ‘ boy from dual; (Here I am a is Literal and boy is an alias.

      Select ename, ‘ is designated as ‘ , job from emp;

      Select ename || ‘ is designated as ‘ || job from emp; ( Columns on either side  of || operator are combine to make a single column )

Note :  Where we use a literal, there we will use a concatenation operator (||).

      Select ename ‘ ‘’s designation is ‘|| job || ‘ working for department ‘ || dept from emp;

      Select ename || ‘ ‘’s salary is ‘ || sal || ‘ with commission : ‘ || comm from emp;

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